Problem G
Egyptian Multiplication
In 1858, A. Henry Rhind, a Scottish
antiquary, came into possession of a document which is now called the Rhind
Papyrus. Titled "Directions for Attaining Knowledge into All Obscure Secrets",
the document provides important clues as to how the ancient Egyptians performed
arithmetic.
There is no zero in the number system. There are separate
characters denoting ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten-thousands,
hundred-thousands, millions and ten-millions. For the purposes of this problem,
we use near ASCII equivalents for the symbols:
- | for one (careful, it's a vertical line, not 1)
- n for ten
- 9 for hundred
- 8 for thousand
- r for ten-thousand
(The actual Egyptian hieroglyphs were more
picturesque but followed the general shape of these modern symbols. For the
purpose of this problem, we will not consider numbers greater than 99,999.)
Numbers were written as a group of ones preceded in turn by groups of
tens, hundreds, thousands and ten-thousands. Thus our number 4,023 would be
rendered: ||| nn 8888. Notice that a zero digit is indicated by a group
consisting of none of the corresponding symbol. The number 40,230 would thus be
rendered: nnn 99 rrrr. (In the Rhind Papyrus, the groups are drawn more
picturesquely, often spread across more than one horizontal line; but for the
purposes of this problem, you should write numbers all on a single line.)
To multiply two numbers a and b, the Egyptians would work with two
columns of numbers. They would begin by writing the number | in the left column
beside the number a in the right column. They would proceed to form new rows by
doubling the numbers in both columns. Notice that doubling can be effected by
copying symbols and normalizing by a carrying process if any group of symbols is
larger than 9 in size. Doubling would continue as long as the number in the left
column does not exceed the other multiplicand b. The numbers in the first column
that summed to the multiplicand b were marked with an asterisk. The numbers in
the right column alongside the asterisks were then added to produce the result.
Below, we show the steps corresponding to the multiplication of 483 by 27: | * ||| nnnnnnnn 9999
|| * |||||| nnnnnn 999999999
|||| || nnn 999999999 8
|||||||| * |||| nnnnnn 99999999 888
|||||| n * |||||||| nn 9999999 8888888
The solution is: | nnnn 888 r
(The solution came from adding together: ||| nnnnnnnn 9999
|||||| nnnnnn 999999999
|||| nnnnnn 99999999 888
|||||||| nn 9999999 8888888.)
You are to write a program to perform this
Egyptian multiplication.
Multiplication is performed modulo 100000.
Input:
Input will consist of several pairs of nonzero numbers written in
the Egyptian system described above. There will be one number per line; each
number will consist of groups of symbols, and each group is terminated by a
single space (including the last group). Input will be terminated by end of file.
Output:
For each pair of numbers, your program should print the steps
described above used in Egyptian multiplication. Numbers in the left column
should be ush with the left margin. Each number in the left and right column
will be represented by groups of symbols, and each group is terminated by a
single space (including the last group). If there is an asterisk in the left
column, it should be separated from the end of the left number by a single
space. Up to the 34th character position should then be filled with spaces.
Numbers in the right column should begin at the 35st character position on the
line and end with a newline character. Test data will be chosen to ensure that
no overlap can occur. After showing each of the doubling steps, your program
should print the string: "The solution is: " followed by the product of the two
numbers in Egyptian notation.
Sample Input:
||
||
|||
||||
nnnnnn 9
||| n
n
9
|||
8
Sample Output:
| ||
|| * ||||
The solution is: ||||
| |||
|| ||||||
|||| * || n
The solution is: || n
| * nnnnnn 9
|| nn 999
|||| * nnnn 999999
|||||||| * nnnnnnnn 99 8
The solution is: nnnnnnnn 88
| n
|| nn
|||| * nnnn
|||||||| nnnnnnnn
|||||| n nnnnnn 9
|| nnn * nn 999
|||| nnnnnn * nnnn 999999
The solution is: 8
| |||
|| ||||||
|||| || n
|||||||| * |||| nn
|||||| n |||||||| nnnn
|| nnn * |||||| nnnnnnnnn
|||| nnnnnn * || nnnnnnnnn 9
|||||||| nn 9 * |||| nnnnnnnn 999
|||||| nnnnn 99 * |||||||| nnnnnn 9999999
|| n 99999 * |||||| nnn 99999 8
The solution is: 888